Module:Wd

For the module that should be used in infobox templates instead of this module, see Module:WikidataIB.

This module is intended to fetch data from Wikidata with or without a link to the connected Wikipedia article and with many other features.

Usage

The general structure of a call to this module is as follows. Note that the basic structure consists of positional commands, flags and arguments, which all have a fixed position.

{{#invoke:wd |command1|flag1a|flag1b|flag1c |command2|flag2a|flag2b|flag2c |flag0a|flag0b|flag0c |arg1|arg2|arg3}}

Use different commands to get different kinds of values from Wikidata. At least one command must be given and multiple commands can be combined into one call as shown above (in any order, more than two is also possible), but this only applies to commands from the claim class; calls containing a command from the general class cannot contain any other command. Each command can be followed by any number of command flags, which are optional and can be used to tweak the output generated by that command.

The commands and their flags may be followed by any number of configuration flags, which are also optional and affect the selection of data and the module's behaviour in general. The call is closed with the positional arguments, which may be required depending on the given command(s). Some named arguments (i.e. name-value pairs) also exist, as well as a set of named flags for advanced usage that can be used to change the way the fetched values are merged together into the output.

This module was designed to provide the basic needs for fetching data from Wikidata, but a lot can be achieved through different combinations of calls. For convenience, such combinations could be wrapped into new templates that serve a specific need. See also the section on common use cases below for some examples of useful "building blocks". Likewise, the functionality of this module can be extended by creating wrapper templates that use the main command provided by this module (just like {{WikidataOI}} does).

Common use cases

Below follows a list of common use cases. In the future, shortcut commands may be implemented that are equivalent to these calls for convenience.

Call	Use case
{{#invoke:wd|label|raw}}	Returns the Q-identifier of the Wikidata item connected to the current page (e.g. "Q55").
{{#if:{{#invoke:wd|label|raw}}|...}}	Performs a check to determine if the current page has a Wikidata item. Note that this statement relies on a returned value that is either empty or non-empty and that the raw flag is important to include. Without this flag, an existing item's regular label would be returned which could be empty, giving an undesired result. If the flag is given on the other hand, then a non-empty Q-identifier is always returned if an item exists and an empty value if an item does not exist.

Commands

The commands (command1, command2, ...) determine what kind of values are returned. One call can only contain commands from a single class.

Claim class

The claim class commands can be combined, meaning that multiple commands of different types from this class can be given at one time (see above for usage).

Combine multiple commands into one call to this module, instead of making multiple calls to this module with one command each, to be sure that all the returned pieces of information belong to each other (see also the examples below).

Type	Command	Returns	Basic usage	Description
I	property	first match	{{#invoke:wd|property|P1}}	Returns the requested property – or list of properties – from the current item-entity or from a given entity. This command can be given only once in one call.
	properties	all matches	{{#invoke:wd|properties|P1}}
II	qualifier	first match	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|P1|P2}}	Returns the requested qualifier – or list of qualifiers – from the given property of the current item-entity or of a given entity. Unlike the other claim class commands, this command can be given multiple times to retrieve different qualifiers in one call.
	qualifiers	all matches	{{#invoke:wd|qualifiers|P1|P2}}
III	reference	first match	{{#invoke:wd|reference|P1}}	Returns a reference – or list of references – from the given property of the current item-entity or of a given entity. This command can be given only once in one call.
	references	all matches	{{#invoke:wd|references|P1}}

General class

The general class commands cannot be combined.

Type	Command	Returns	Basic usage	Description
I	label		{{#invoke:wd|label}}	Returns the label of the current item-entity or of a given entity if present.
II	title		{{#invoke:wd|title}}	Returns the title of the page connected to the current item-entity or to a given item-entity if such page exists.
III	description		{{#invoke:wd|description}}	Returns the description of the current item-entity or of a given entity if present.
IV	alias	first match	{{#invoke:wd|alias}}	Returns an alias – or list of aliases – of the current item-entity or of a given entity if present.
	aliases	all matches	{{#invoke:wd|aliases}}
V	badge	first match	{{#invoke:wd|badge}}	Returns a badge – or list of badges – for the page connected to the current item-entity or to a given item-entity if such page exists.
	badges	all matches	{{#invoke:wd|badges}}

Main class

The main command is always used alone and does not take any flags or arguments. It allows parent templates to pass on their parameters in the form of commands to this module.

Command	Basic usage	Description
main	{{#invoke:wd|main}}	Intended for use by wrapper templates (around this module) to invoke one or more of the above commands, returning their respective output. The parameters passed to the wrapper template are the ones that will be used by the module, e.g. {{wikidata|property|P1549}} → {{#invoke:wd|main}} → {{#invoke:wd|main|property|P1549}}. Therefore, any parameters set by the wrapper template itself will be discarded, e.g. {{wikidata|property|P1549}} → {{#invoke:wd|main|qualifier|P1082|P585}} → {{#invoke:wd|main|property|P1549}}.

Flags

The following (optional) flags are available which can be used to alter this module's behaviour. They must be given after the (first) command and before the positional arguments. For convenience, empty flags (i.e. ||) are allowed and will simply be ignored.

Command flags

These flags (flag1*, flag2*, ...) apply to the command that precedes them directly.

Flag	Description
raw	Returns the raw value if applicable. If this flag is used with item or property datatypes, then this will return the Q-identifier or P-identifier instead of the regular label. For quantity datatypes, this flag will strip off any units of measurement, unless the unit flag is also given in which case the raw unit of measurement (its Q-identifier) will be returned. If this flag is used with time datatypes, then the returned date will be in the format of yyyy-mm-dd (e.g. 1731-02-11), or yyyy-mm, or yyyy depending on the date's precision. Dates in the Julian calendar stored with a precision of days through millenniums will have /Julian attached to the output (e.g. 1731-02-11/Julian, which may be split off using the {{#titleparts}} parser function). If it is used with globe coordinate datatypes, then it replaces the various symbols with forward slashes in the returned value (e.g. 52/5/3/N/4/19/3/E, which may be split into parts using the {{#titleparts}} parser function).
linked	Creates a link to the Wikipedia article that is connected to the property or qualifier if it exists. Also links units of measurement that may be appended to values. If this parameter is omitted, then the plain property or qualifier value will be returned.
short	[EXPENSIVE] Returns the (P1813) of any entity returned if they have one attached. If that is not the case, then the default behaviour of returning the entity's label will occur.
multilanguage	Returns monolingual text values in any available language, not just the current wiki's language.
unit	Returns only the unit of measurement for quantity datatypes.

Configuration flags

These flags (flag0*) are general configuration flags and can be given anywhere after the first command (but before the positional arguments).

	Flag	Description	Command class
Combination of:	preferred	Sets a rank constraint for the selected claim(s). The first three set the ranks for which claim(s) will be selected. They can optionally be followed by a + or a -, e.g. normal+ or preferred-, where the first selects claims with a 'normal' rank or higher and the second selects claims with a 'preferred' rank or lower. To get claims of all ranks, use preferred- or deprecated+. If the best flag is given additionally, then only the claims that have the highest rank amongst the selected claims will be returned. The default is normal+|best (so by default claims with a 'deprecated' rank are never returned). Output is always sorted from highest rank to lowest (regardless of any of these flags being set).	claim
	normal
	deprecated
	best
Combination of:	future	Sets a time constraint for the selected claim(s). Uses the claims' qualifiers of (P580) and (P582) to determine if the claim is valid for the selected time period(s). The default is future|current|former (so by default claims that are valid for any time period are returned), except when date= is given (see below) in which case the default is current.	claim
	current
	former
	mdy	Returns date values in month-day-year order instead of day-month-year order.	claim
	single	Returns only a single claim instead of multiple (if multiple claims match). Has no effect if the property/properties command is given, in which case this flag would be redundant.	claim
	sourced	Only returns claims that have at least one valid reference.	claim
One of:	edit	Adds a clickable icon after the output that may be used by readers to edit the returned claim on Wikidata. If edit@end is used, then the icon will be placed at the end of the line for neat alignment in infoboxes.	claim, general
	edit@end

Arguments

The arguments determine the sources from which all the returned values are fetched.

Positional arguments

The following table shows the available positional arguments (arg*) in their fixed order. For each command, the applicable set of arguments is marked. If multiple commands are given, then the applicable set is the union of the individual sets. For instance, if the commands properties and qualifiers have been given, then at least both the arguments property_id and qualifier_id should be given as well.

More than one qualifier/qualifiers command can be given. The order in which these commands with their flags are given matches the order in which the respective qualifier_id arguments are given.

	(required)		(optional)	(optional)	(required)	(optional)	(required)	(required)
{{#invoke:wd	commands		flags	entity_id	property_id	raw_value	qualifier_id	qualifier_id	}}
				label, title, description, alias/aliases, badge/badges
				property/properties
				reference/references
				qualifier/qualifiers
				qualifier/qualifiers (optional 2nd, 3rd, etc.)

Below follows a description of all positional arguments.

Argument	Description
entity_id (optional)	[EXPENSIVE] Q-identifier of the item-entity to be accessed (e.g. Q55), P-identifier (or an available alias) of the property-entity to be accessed preceded by the Property: prefix (e.g. Property:P38), or page title of the Wikipedia article whose connected item-entity is to be accessed preceded by :, a prefixed colon (e.g. :Netherlands). In case of the general class commands, the Property: prefix may be omitted for P-identifiers (e.g. P38). If this parameter is omitted, then the item-entity connected to the current page will be used (except when eid= or page= is given, see below). If this parameter is given, but empty (i.e. ||), then due to its position it will be interpreted as an empty flag and thus be ignored, giving the same result as if it were omitted. See also the named arguments eid= and page= below that can be used to give an entity-ID or page title too, but without the item-entity connected to the current page being used as a default.
property_id	P-identifier (or an available alias) of the property within the entity to be accessed, without the Property: prefix (e.g. P35).
raw_value (optional)	Either the Q-identifier equal to the property value (e.g. Q29574) or a literal value (i.e. string or quantity etc., no entity label) equal to the raw property value of the particular claim to be accessed. Dates as literal values must be formatted yyyy-mm-dd (e.g. 1731-02-11) for dates with a precision of days, yyyy-mm (e.g. 1731-02) for dates with a precision of months, and yyyy (e.g. 1731) for dates of lesser precision. Dates BCE require a minus sign in front of the year (e.g. -2950-01-31). Dates stored in the Julian calendar must have /Julian attached to the end (e.g. 1731-02-11/Julian). Decades like the 2010s must be given as 2010 (but the 2010s BCE as -2019), centuries like the 20th century as 1901 (but the 20th century BCE as -2000), and millenniums like the 3rd millennium as 2001 (but the 3rd millennium BCE as -3000). Globe coordinates as literal values must be formatted with forward slashes (i.e. /) between the parts and no symbols (e.g. 52/5/3/N/4/19/3/E) without any spaces or leading zeros. The special type 'no value' can be given by entering the empty string (i.e. ||) and the special type 'unknown value' can be given by entering a single underscore (i.e. |_|). To get a literal underscore, escape it by placing a backslash \ directly in front of it (i.e. \_); the same holds for a literal backslash (i.e. \\). To get a literal vertical bar |, use {{!}} or |. If this parameter is omitted, then all claims (matching any other constraints) within the property will be accessed.
qualifier_id	P-identifier (or an available alias) of the qualifier within the entity to be accessed, without the Property: prefix (e.g. P580).

Named arguments

Below follows a description of all named arguments, which are name-value pairs (i.e. |name=value). These are all optional and can be given anywhere after the first command.

Argument	Description	Command class
eid=	[EXPENSIVE] This argument can be used to give the Q-identifier (e.g. |eid=Q55) or P-identifier (or an available alias) of the entity to be accessed. It offers the same functionality as the positional argument entity_id, with one difference: if the argument is given but its value is left empty (i.e. |eid=), then no entity is accessed at all instead of the item-entity connected to the current page. This is useful in some cases where a variable entity-ID is expected, but where the item-entity connected to the current page should not be accessed as the default. Also, the Property: prefix may be omitted for P-identifiers (e.g. |eid=P38) for all commands. This argument only has effect if the positional argument entity_id is omitted.	claim, general
page=	[EXPENSIVE] This argument can be used to give the page title (e.g. |page=Netherlands) of the Wikipedia article whose connected item-entity is to be accessed. It behaves similar to the named argument eid= and can be used instead of the positional argument entity_id (note that no prefixed colon, :, is required). If the argument is given but its value is left empty (i.e. |page=), then no entity is accessed at all instead of the item-entity connected to the current page. This argument only has effect if the positional argument entity_id and the named argument eid= are omitted.	claim, general
date=	This argument can be used to set a particular date (e.g. |date=1731-02-11) relative to which claim matching using the future, current and former flags is done, instead of relative to today. It overrides the default of these flags to current so that by default only claims that were valid at the given date are returned (based on the claims' qualifiers of (P580) and (P582)). The date value must be formatted yyyy-mm-dd (e.g. 1731-02-11), yyyy-mm (e.g. 1731-02) or yyyy (e.g. 1731).	claim
<qualifier>=	The <qualifier> is a placeholder for a set of arguments that determine which claims should be accessed based on qualifier value, analogous to the pair of positional arguments property_id and raw_value (that determine access based on property value). As such, <qualifier> is any qualifier's P-identifier (or an available alias) without the Property: prefix (e.g. P518). Its value is either the Q-identifier equal to one of the qualifier values (e.g. Q27561) or a literal value (i.e. string or quantity etc., no entity label) equal to one of the raw qualifier values of the particular claim to be accessed. The value format is the same as for the positional argument raw_value. The special type 'no value' given by the empty string also matches the total absence within the claim of the particular qualifier. Example: |P518=Q27561 Multiple arguments of this type can be given to match multiple qualifier values simultaneously for each claim.	claim

Property aliases

Property aliases are other names for P-identifiers that can be used instead. The following property aliases (which are case-sensitive) are currently available:

Alias	translates to	P-identifier
coord	→	P625
image	→	P18
author	→	P50
publisher	→	P123
importedFrom	→	P143
statedIn	→	P248
pages	→	P304
language	→	P407
hasPart	→	P527
publicationDate	→	P577
startTime	→	P580
endTime	→	P582
chapter	→	P792
retrieved	→	P813
referenceURL	→	P854
sectionVerseOrParagraph	→	P958
archiveURL	→	P1065
title	→	P1476
formatterURL	→	P1630
quote	→	P1683
shortName	→	P1813
definingFormula	→	P2534
archiveDate	→	P2960
inferredFrom	→	P3452
typeOfReference	→	P3865
column	→	P3903

Advanced usage

The layout of the output from (a combination of) commands that have both a singular and a plural form (e.g. property/properties) can be customized by using a number of named flags, which are name-value pairs (i.e. |flag=value), that can be given anywhere after the first command. The table below shows the available named flags.

To insert a space at the beginning or end of a value, use an underscore _. To get a literal underscore, escape it by placing a backslash \ directly in front of it (i.e. \_); the same holds for a literal backslash (i.e. \\). To get a literal vertical bar |, use {{!}} or |.

Named flag	Default value	Default condition	Description
format=	%p[%s][%r]	if the property/properties command was given and the qualifier/qualifiers command was not given	The format of a single claim. The available parameters are as follows. Parameter Description %p The claim's property value applied by the property/properties command. %q1, %q2, %q3, ... The claim's qualifier value or list of qualifier values applied by the corresponding qualifier/qualifiers command. %q The collection of the qualifier values applied by each qualifier/qualifiers command (i.e. %q1 + %q2 + %q3 + ...). If only one qualifier/qualifiers command was given, then this parameter is equivalent to %q1. %r The claim's reference value or list of reference values applied by the reference/references command. %a The entity's alias applied by the alias/aliases command. %b The entity's page badge applied by the badge/badges command. %s The movable separator placeholder. This is a special parameter that is not applied by a command, but instead is filled automatically between each pair of claims, aliases or badges (if a list of claims, aliases or badges is returned). This is particularly handy in case a claim's reference is returned as well, since it allows the reference to be placed after the punctuation mark as prescribed by Wikipedia's manual of style. The default value is a comma (,) and can be overridden with the sep%s flag (see below). Optional parameters can be given by encapsulating them between square brackets: [...]. All content between the square brackets is only displayed if a value for each optional parameter that has been defined between the same brackets has been found. Optional content can also be nested. To use two opening square brackets that directly follow each other (i.e. [[), use {{!((}}. At least one parameter must be given that is not optional, while the %s parameter must always be defined as optional. To get a literal [, ], % or \, escape the character by placing a backslash \ directly in front of it (e.g. \%). See also the description directly above this table for more.
	%q[%s][%r]	if the property/properties command was not given and the qualifier/qualifiers command was given
	%r	if only the reference/references command was given
	%p[ <span style="font-size:85\%">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]	if the property/properties command was given and the qualifier/qualifiers command was given
	%a[%s]	if the alias/aliases command was given
	%b[%s]	if the badge/badges command was given
sep=	_	default	The fixed separator between each pair of claims, aliases or badges.
		if only the reference/references command was given without the raw flag
sep%s=	,	default	The movable separator between each pair of claims, aliases or badges. This will be the value of the %s parameter applied to all claims, aliases or badges, except for the last in the list (which can be set with the punc flag).
	;	if the property/properties command was not given and the qualifier/qualifiers command was given
sep%q1=, sep%q2=, sep%q3=, ...	,_	default	The separator between each pair of qualifiers of a single claim. These are the value separators for the %q1, %q2, %q3, ... parameters. If only one qualifier/qualifiers command was given, then the sep%q1 flag is equivalent to sep%q.
sep%q=	,_	if exactly one qualifier/qualifiers command was given	The separator between each set of qualifiers of a single claim. This is the value separator for the %q parameter. If only one qualifier/qualifiers command was given, then this flag is equivalent to sep%q1.
	;_	if more than one qualifier/qualifiers command was given
sep%r=		default	The separator between each pair of references of a single claim. This is the value separator for the %r parameter.
	_	if the raw flag was given for the reference/references command
punc=		default	A punctuation mark placed at the end of the output. This will be placed on the %s parameter applied to the last claim (or alias or badge) in the list. This allows the last claim's references to be placed after the punctuation mark when the output is used as part of a sentence.

Examples

Parameters and output types	Example	Description
Q55 = "Netherlands", P395 = "licence plate code" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q55|P395}} ↓ NL	Gets a literal string value.
P395 = "licence plate code" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|P395}} ↓ NL	If the module is transcluded on the Netherlands page (which is linked to Q55), then the Q55 can be omitted.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P395 = "NL" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|eidTemplate:=Q55|P395}} ↓ NL	An entity-ID can also be given using the eid= argument.
P395 = "NL" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|pageTemplate:=Netherlands|P395}} ↓ NL	A page title can be given instead of an entity-ID using the page= argument.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P395 = "licence plate code" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|edit|Q55|P395}} ↓ NL Edit this on Wikidata	Adds a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P395 = "licence plate code" ↓ [string]	{{#invoke:wd|property|edit@end|Q55|P395}} ↓ NLEdit this on Wikidata	Places the edit icon at the end of the line.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|normal+|Q55|P1082}} ↓ 17,282,163	Gets a single property value from claims with a 'normal' rank or higher.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|normal+|Q55|P1082}} ↓ 17,282,163, 16,829,289, 16,779,575, 10,026,773, 17,000,000, 17,132,854, 17,181,084, 17,622,200	Gets multiple property values from claims with a 'normal' rank or higher.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [quantity], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P1082|P585}} ↓ 17,282,163 (2019), 16,829,289 (26 August 2014), 16,779,575 (2013), 10,026,773 (1950), 17,000,000 (21 March 2016), 17,132,854 (2017), 17,181,084 (1 January 2018), 17,622,200	Gets a single qualifier value for each claim, additional to the property value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [quantity], [time], [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|references|normal+|Q55|P1082|P585}} ↓ 17,282,163 (2019), 16,829,289 (26 August 2014), 16,779,575 (2013), 10,026,773 (1950), 17,000,000 (21 March 2016), 17,132,854 (2017), 17,181,084 (1 January 2018), 17,622,200	Gets references for each claim.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [quantity], [reference]	A total of {{#invoke:wd|property|references|Q55|P1082}} people live in the Netherlands. ↓ A total of 17,282,163 people live in the Netherlands.	Gets a property with its references.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [quantity], [reference]	The Netherlands has a population of {{#invoke:wd|property|references|Q55|P1082|puncTemplate:=.}} ↓ The Netherlands has a population of 17,282,163.	Adds a punctuation mark at the end of the output, in front of the references.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [quantity], [time], [reference]	<ul>{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|references|normal+|Q55|P1082|P585|format=<li>%p[%r][<ul><li>%q</li></ul>]</li>}}</ul> ↓ 17,282,163 2019 16,829,289 26 August 2014 16,779,575 2013 10,026,773 1950 17,000,000 21 March 2016 17,132,854 2017 17,181,084 1 January 2018 17,622,200	Returns the output in a custom format.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [time]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P1082|P585}} ↓ 2019; 26 August 2014; 2013; 1950; 21 March 2016; 2017; 1 January 2018	Gets a single qualifier per claim, by default for multiple matching claims.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [time]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|normal+|single|Q55|P1082|P585}} ↓ 2019	To get a single qualifier for only a single claim, give the single flag too so that only a single claim will be accessed.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [time]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|Q55|P1082|16829289|P585}} ↓ 26 August 2014	Gets a qualifier from claims for which the (raw) property value matches a given literal value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [time]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|mdy|Q55|P1082|16829289|P585}} ↓ August 26, 2014	Gets dates in month-day-year order.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population", P585 = "point in time" ↓ [time]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|raw|Q55|P1082|16829289|P585}} ↓ 2014-08-26	Gets a raw date value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|references|Q55|P1082|16829289}} ↓	Gets the references from a particular claim.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1082 = "population" ↓ [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|references|raw|Q55|P1082|16829289}} ↓ http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=37296ned&LA=NL; retrieved: 26 August 2014.	Gets references from a particular claim in their raw form.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1081 = "Human Development Index" ↓ [quantity], [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|references|normal+|Q55|P1081}} ↓ 0.931, 0.787, 0.799, 0.829, 0.861, 0.877, 0.891, 0.909, 0.919, 0.920, 0.920, 0.922, 0.834, 0.835, 0.839, 0.864, 0.866, 0.865, 0.867, 0.870, 0.876, 0.879, 0.878, 0.883, 0.886, 0.897, 0.904, 0.906, 0.906, 0.910, 0.921, 0.921, 0.923, 0.924, 0.926, 0.928	Gets properties from each claim with any references they have.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1081 = "Human Development Index" ↓ [quantity], [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|references|normal+|sourced|Q55|P1081}} ↓ 0.931, 0.829, 0.861, 0.877, 0.891, 0.909, 0.919, 0.920, 0.920, 0.922, 0.834, 0.835, 0.839, 0.864, 0.866, 0.865, 0.867, 0.870, 0.876, 0.879, 0.878, 0.883, 0.886, 0.897, 0.904, 0.906, 0.906, 0.910, 0.921, 0.921, 0.923, 0.924, 0.926, 0.928	Only gets properties from claims that have at least one reference.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2855 = "VAT-rate", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifier|Q55|P2855|P518}} ↓ food	Gets a single qualifier value (for each matching claim).
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2855 = "VAT-rate", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifiers|Q55|P2855|P518}} ↓ food, medication, assistive technology, magazine, book, art, antique, hairdresser, hotel, campsite, recreation, sport, water	Gets multiple qualifier values (for each matching claim).
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2855 = "VAT-rate", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [quantity], [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifiers|Q55|P2855|P518}} ↓ 21%, 6% (food, medication, assistive technology, magazine, book, art, antique, hairdresser, hotel, campsite, recreation, sport, water)	Gets multiple property values along with multiple qualifier values.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2855 = "VAT-rate", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [quantity], [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifiers|Q55|P2855|P518|sepTemplate:=_+_|sep%sTemplate:=|sep%qTemplate:=_/_}} ↓ 21% + 6% (food / medication / assistive technology / magazine / book / art / antique / hairdresser / hotel / campsite / recreation / sport / water)	Returns the output with custom separators.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P35 = "head of state", P580 = "start time", P582 = "end time" ↓ [entity label], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P35|P580|P582}} ↓ Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (30 April 2013), Beatrix of the Netherlands (30 April 1980; 30 April 2013), Juliana of the Netherlands (4 September 1948; 30 April 1980), Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (23 November 1890; 4 September 1948), Willem III of the Netherlands (17 March 1849; 23 November 1890), Willem II of the Netherlands (7 October 1840; 17 March 1849), William I of the Netherlands (16 March 1815; 7 October 1840)	Gets two different qualifier values for each claim.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P35 = "head of state", P580 = "start time", P582 = "end time" ↓ [entity label], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P35|P580|P582|sep%qTemplate:=_–_}} ↓ Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (30 April 2013), Beatrix of the Netherlands (30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013), Juliana of the Netherlands (4 September 1948 – 30 April 1980), Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948), Willem III of the Netherlands (17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890), Willem II of the Netherlands (7 October 1840 – 17 March 1849), William I of the Netherlands (16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840)	Returns the output with a custom separator.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P35 = "head of state", P580 = "start time", P582 = "end time" ↓ [entity label], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P35|P580|P582|format=%p[ <span style="font-size:85\%">(%q1[ – %q2])</span>][%s][%r]}} ↓ Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (30 April 2013), Beatrix of the Netherlands (30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013), Juliana of the Netherlands (4 September 1948 – 30 April 1980), Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948), Willem III of the Netherlands (17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890), Willem II of the Netherlands (7 October 1840 – 17 March 1849), William I of the Netherlands (16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840)	Returns the output in a custom format instead of with a custom separator.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P35 = "head of state", P580 = "start time", P582 = "end time" ↓ [entity label], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P35|P580|P582|format=%p[ <span style="font-size:85\%">([<![]--%q2]since [%q2--[]>]%q1[ – %q2])</span>][%s][%r]}} ↓ Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013), Beatrix of the Netherlands (30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013), Juliana of the Netherlands (4 September 1948 – 30 April 1980), Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948), Willem III of the Netherlands (17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890), Willem II of the Netherlands (7 October 1840 – 17 March 1849), William I of the Netherlands (16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840)	To add text only when a certain value is not present, like adding the word since if there is no end time, wrap it in between two optional blocks containing HTML comment tags and the relevant parameter (this also prevents the text from being added to the page source).
Q55 = "Netherlands", P35 = "head of state", Q29574 = "Beatrix of the Netherlands", P580 = "start time", P582 = "end time" ↓ [entity label], [time]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|raw|qualifier|normal+|Q55|P35|Q29574|P580|P582|format=%p[ <span style="font-size:85\%">(%q1[ – %q2])</span>][%s][%r]}} ↓ Beatrix of the Netherlands (1980-04-30 – 30 April 2013)	Gets a property with qualifiers from claims for which the property matches a given Q-identifier, with one of the qualifier values in its raw form.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = "currency", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifiers|normal+|current|Q55|P38|P518}} ↓ euro (European Netherlands), United States dollar (Caribbean Netherlands)	Gets claims that are currently valid.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|linked|qualifiers|normal+|current|Q55|P38|P518}} ↓ euro (European Netherlands), United States dollar (Caribbean Netherlands)	Gets claims with linked property values.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifiers|linked|normal+|current|Q55|P38|P518}} ↓ euro (European Netherlands), United States dollar (Caribbean Netherlands)	Gets claims with linked qualifier values.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|linked|short|qualifiers|linked|normal+|current|Q55|P38|P518}} ↓ euro (European Netherlands), US dollar (Caribbean Netherlands)	Gets claims with linked property and qualifier values, with short property values wherever available.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency", Q4917 = "United States dollar", P518 = "applies to part" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|qualifiers|normal+|current|Q55|P38|Q4917|P518}} ↓ Caribbean Netherlands	Gets qualifiers from claims for which the (raw) property value matches a given Q-identifier.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency", P518 = "applies to part", Q27561 = "Caribbean Netherlands" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|normal+|current|Q55|P38|P518Template:=Q27561}} ↓ United States dollar	Gets properties from claims for which a (raw) qualifier value matches a given Q-identifier.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|normal+|former|Q55|P38}} ↓ Dutch guilder	Gets claims that were valid in the past.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|normal+|former|Q55|P38}} ↓ Q788472	Gets raw property values.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P38 = currency" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|linked|normal+|former|Q55|P38}} ↓ Q788472	Gets raw property values that are linked to Wikidata.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1549 = "demonym" ↓ [monolingual text]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q55|P1549}} ↓ Dutch	Gets a monolingual text value in the current wiki's language.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P1549 = "demonym", P407 = "language of work or name", Q36846 = "Toki Pona" ↓ [monolingual text]	{{#invoke:wd|property|multilanguage|Q55|P1549|P407Template:=Q36846}} ↓ jan Netelan	Gets a monolingual text value in any available language.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2884 = "mains voltage" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q55|P2884}} ↓ 230 volt	Gets a quantity value with its associated unit of measurement.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2884 = "mains voltage" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|Q55|P2884}} ↓ 230 volt	Gets a quantity value with a linked unit of measurement.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2884 = "mains voltage" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|raw|Q55|P2884}} ↓ 230	Gets a raw quantity value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2884 = "mains voltage" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|unit|Q55|P2884}} ↓ volt	Gets only the unit of measurement.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P2884 = "mains voltage" ↓ [quantity]	{{#invoke:wd|property|unit|raw|Q55|P2884}} ↓ Q25250	Gets the raw unit of measurement.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P625 = "coordinate location" ↓ [globe coordinate]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q55|P625}} ↓ 52°19'N, 5°33'E	Gets a globe coordinate value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P625 = "coordinate location" ↓ [globe coordinate]	{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|Q55|P625}} ↓ 52°19'N, 5°33'E	Gets a linked globe coordinate value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P625 = "coordinate location" ↓ [globe coordinate]	{{#invoke:wd|property|raw|Q55|P625}} ↓ 52/19/N/5/33/E	Gets a raw globe coordinate value.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P625 = "coordinate location" ↓ [globe coordinate]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q55|coord}} ↓ 52°19'N, 5°33'E	A property alias can be used instead of the P-identifier.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P41 = "flag image" ↓ [commons media]	{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|Q55|P41}} ↓ Flag of the Netherlands.svg	Gets a media file name and links to it on Commons.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P41 = "flag image" ↓ [commons media]	{{#invoke:wd|property|raw|Q55|P41|format=\[\[File:%p {{!}} thumb {{!}} left\]\]}} ↓ File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg	A Commons media file can be included on the page as-is by omitting the linked and raw flags, but by using the raw flag it can be freely formatted.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P41 = "flag image" ↓ [commons media]	{{#invoke:wd|property|raw|dateTemplate:=1700-05-06|Q55|P41|format=\[\[File:%p {{!}} thumb {{!}} left\]\]}} ↓ File:Statenvlag.svg	To get the value of a property that was valid at a given time, the date= argument can be used.
Q55 = "Netherlands", P41 = "flag image" ↓ [commons media]	{{#invoke:wd|property|raw|dateTemplate:=1700-05-06|former|Q55|P41|format=\[\[File:%p {{!}} thumb {{!}} left\]\]}} ↓ File:Prinsenvlag.svg	The time constraint flags work relatively to the date value given for the date= argument.
Q915684 = "Lorentz–Lorenz equation", P2534 = "defining formula" ↓ [math]	{{#invoke:wd|property|Q915684|P2534}} ↓ ${\frac {n^{2}-1}{n^{2}+2}}={\frac {4\pi }{3}}N\alpha$	Gets a mathematical expression.
Q915684 = "Lorentz–Lorenz equation", P7235 = "in defining formula", P9758 = "symbol represents" ↓ [entity label], [math]	<ul>{{#invoke:wd|properties|qualifier|linked|Q915684|P7235|P9758|format=<li>%q[ (%p)]</li>}}</ul> ↓ refractive index ($n$) polarizability ($\alpha$) volumetric number density ($N$) pi ($\pi$)	Mathematical expressions can be combined with regular text as usual.
Q6256 = "country", P3896 = "geoshape" ↓ [geographic shape]	{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|Q6256|P3896}} ↓ Data:Naturalearthdata.com/admin-0-countries-no-antarctica.map	Gets a geographic shape data file name and links to it on Commons.
Q4917 = "United States dollar" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|Q4917}} ↓ United States dollar	Gets an item's label.
Q4917 = "United States dollar" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|short|linked|Q4917}} ↓ US dollar	Gets an item's short and linked label.
P38 = currency" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|P38}} ↓ currency	Gets a property's label.
P38 = currency" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|linked|P38}} ↓ currency	Gets a property's label that is linked to Wikidata.
Q776 = "Utrecht" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|Q776}} ↓ Utrecht	Gets an item's label.
Q776 = "Utrecht" ↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|linked|Q776}} ↓ Utrecht	Gets an item's linked label.
↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label}} ↓ Utrecht	If the module is transcluded on the Utrecht (province) page (which is linked to Q776), then the Q776 can be omitted.
↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|raw}} ↓ Q776	If just the label command with the raw flag is given, then the Q-identifier of the item connected to the current page is returned.
↓ [entity label]	{{#invoke:wd|label|raw|linked}} ↓ Q776	If additionally the linked flag is given, then the Q-identifier of the item connected to the current page is linked to Wikidata.
Q776 = "Utrecht" ↓ [page title]	{{#invoke:wd|title|Q776}} ↓ Utrecht (province)	Gets the title of the page on the current wiki that is linked to the given item.
Q776 = "Utrecht" ↓ [page title]	{{#invoke:wd|title|linked|Q776}} ↓ Utrecht (province)	Gets the linked title of the page on the current wiki that is linked to the given item.
↓ [page title]	{{#invoke:wd|title}} ↓ Utrecht (province)	If the module is transcluded on the Utrecht (province) page (which is linked to Q776), then the Q776 can be omitted.
Q55 = "Netherlands" ↓ [entity description]	{{#invoke:wd|description|Q55}} ↓ country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean	Gets an item's description.
↓ [entity description]	{{#invoke:wd|description}} ↓ country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean	If the module is transcluded on the Netherlands page (which is linked to Q55), then the Q55 can be omitted.
Q55 = "Netherlands" ↓ [entity alias]	{{#invoke:wd|alias|Q55}} ↓ Holland	Gets one of an item's aliases.
Q55 = "Netherlands" ↓ [entity alias]	{{#invoke:wd|aliases|Q55}} ↓ Holland, the Netherlands, NL, NED, Nederland, nl, 🇳🇱, Netherlands (after 1945)	Gets all of an item's aliases.
Q55 = "Netherlands" ↓ [entity alias]	{{#invoke:wd|alias|linked|Q55}} ↓ Holland	Gets a linked alias from an item.
↓ [entity alias]	{{#invoke:wd|alias}} ↓ Holland	If the module is transcluded on the Netherlands page (which is linked to Q55), then the Q55 can be omitted.
Q2 = "Earth" ↓ [page badge]	{{#invoke:wd|badges|Q2}} ↓ featured article badge	Gets the badges for the page on the current wiki that is linked to the given item.
Q2 = "Earth" ↓ [page badge]	{{#invoke:wd|badges|raw|Q2}} ↓ Q17437796	Gets the raw badges for the page on the current wiki that is linked to the given item.
↓ [page badge]	{{#invoke:wd|badges}} ↓ featured article badge	If the module is transcluded on the Earth page (which is linked to Q2), then the Q2 can be omitted.
Q28865 = "Python", P548 = "version type", P348 = "software version identifier", ↓ [version], [reference]	{{#invoke:wd|property|reference|edit|Q28865|P548Template:=Q2804309|P348}} ↓ 3.10.5 Edit this on Wikidata	Get Python's latest stable release version with its references. You may want to use P548Template:=Q2122918 to get the latest preview release version.

Example references

TemplateData

This template fetches data from the centralized knowledge base Wikidata. To edit the data, click on "Wikidata item" in the left sidebar.

Template parameters

Parameter		Description	Type	Status
No parameters specified

See also

• {{Wikidata}}, a user-friendly wrapper template for this module.
• {{WikidataOI}}, a wrapper template for this module that adds an opt-in toggle.
• {{Pageid to title}}, to get a page title using its local page id, rather than Wikidata

---

-- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]].

local p = {}
local arg = ...
local i18n

local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame)
	local title

	if frame then
		-- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame
		title = frame:getTitle()
	else
		-- current module included by other module, get its title from ...
		title = arg
	end

	if not i18n then
		i18n = require(title .. "/i18n").init(aliasesP)
	end
end

p.claimCommands = {
	property   = "property",
	properties = "properties",
	qualifier  = "qualifier",
	qualifiers = "qualifiers",
	reference  = "reference",
	references = "references"
}

p.generalCommands = {
	label       = "label",
	title       = "title",
	description = "description",
	alias       = "alias",
	aliases     = "aliases",
	badge       = "badge",
	badges      = "badges"
}

p.flags = {
	linked        = "linked",
	short         = "short",
	raw           = "raw",
	multilanguage = "multilanguage",
	unit          = "unit",
	-------------
	preferred     = "preferred",
	normal        = "normal",
	deprecated    = "deprecated",
	best          = "best",
	future        = "future",
	current       = "current",
	former        = "former",
	edit          = "edit",
	editAtEnd     = "edit@end",
	mdy           = "mdy",
	single        = "single",
	sourced       = "sourced"
}

p.args = {
	eid  = "eid",
	page = "page",
	date = "date"
}

local aliasesP = {
	coord                   = "P625",
	-----------------------
	image                   = "P18",
	author                  = "P50",
	publisher               = "P123",
	importedFrom            = "P143",
	statedIn                = "P248",
	pages                   = "P304",
	language                = "P407",
	hasPart                 = "P527",
	publicationDate         = "P577",
	startTime               = "P580",
	endTime                 = "P582",
	chapter                 = "P792",
	retrieved               = "P813",
	referenceURL            = "P854",
	sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958",
	archiveURL              = "P1065",
	title                   = "P1476",
	formatterURL            = "P1630",
	quote                   = "P1683",
	shortName               = "P1813",
	definingFormula         = "P2534",
	archiveDate             = "P2960",
	inferredFrom            = "P3452",
	typeOfReference         = "P3865",
	column                  = "P3903"
}

local aliasesQ = {
	percentage              = "Q11229",
	prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786",
	citeWeb                 = "Q5637226",
	citeQ                   = "Q22321052"
}

local parameters = {
	property  = "%p",
	qualifier = "%q",
	reference = "%r",
	alias     = "%a",
	badge     = "%b",
	separator = "%s",
	general   = "%x"
}

local formats = {
	property              = "%p[%s][%r]",
	qualifier             = "%q[%s][%r]",
	reference             = "%r",
	propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]",
	alias                 = "%a[%s]",
	badge                 = "%b[%s]"
}

local hookNames = {              -- {level_1, level_2}
	[parameters.property]         = {"getProperty"},
	[parameters.reference]        = {"getReferences", "getReference"},
	[parameters.qualifier]        = {"getAllQualifiers"},
	[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"},
	[parameters.alias]            = {"getAlias"},
	[parameters.badge]            = {"getBadge"}
}

-- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied
local defaultSeparators = {
	["sep"]      = {" "},
	["sep%s"]    = {","},
	["sep%q"]    = {"; "},
	["sep%q\\d"] = {", "},
	["sep%r"]    = nil,  -- none
	["punc"]     = nil   -- none
}

local rankTable = {
	["preferred"]  = 1,
	["normal"]     = 2,
	["deprecated"] = 3
}

local Config = {}

-- allows for recursive calls
function Config:new()
	local cfg = {}
	setmetatable(cfg, self)
	self.__index = self

	cfg.separators = {
		-- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference
		["sep"]   = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])},
		["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])},
		["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])},
		["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])},
		["punc"]  = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])}
	}

	cfg.entity = nil
	cfg.entityID = nil
	cfg.propertyID = nil
	cfg.propertyValue = nil
	cfg.qualifierIDs = {}
	cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {}

	cfg.bestRank = true
	cfg.ranks = {true, true, false}  -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false
	cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks
	cfg.flagBest = false
	cfg.flagRank = false

	cfg.periods = {true, true, true}  -- future = true, current = true, former = true
	cfg.flagPeriod = false
	cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))}  -- today as {year, month, day}

	cfg.mdyDate = false
	cfg.singleClaim = false
	cfg.sourcedOnly = false
	cfg.editable = false
	cfg.editAtEnd = false

	cfg.inSitelinks = false

	cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code
	cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode)
	cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode)

	cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId()

	cfg.states = {}
	cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0
	cfg.curState = nil

	cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil

	return cfg
end

local State = {}

function State:new(cfg, type)
	local stt = {}
	setmetatable(stt, self)
	self.__index = self

	stt.conf = cfg
	stt.type = type

	stt.results = {}

	stt.parsedFormat = {}
	stt.separator = {}
	stt.movSeparator = {}
	stt.puncMark = {}

	stt.linked = false
	stt.rawValue = false
	stt.shortName = false
	stt.anyLanguage = false
	stt.unitOnly = false
	stt.singleValue = false

	return stt
end

local function replaceAlias(id)
	if aliasesP[id] then
		id = aliasesP[id]
	end

	return id
end

local function errorText(code, param)
	local text = i18n["errors"][code]
	if param then text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "$1", param) end
	return text
end

local function throwError(errorMessage, param)
	error(errorText(errorMessage, param))
end

local function replaceDecimalMark(num)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1)
end

local function padZeros(num, numDigits)
	local numZeros
	local negative = false

	if num < 0 then
		negative = true
		num = num * -1
	end

	num = tostring(num)
	numZeros = numDigits - num:len()

	for _ = 1, numZeros do
		num = "0"..num
	end

	if negative then
		num = "-"..num
	end

	return num
end

local function replaceSpecialChar(chr)
	if chr == '_' then
		-- replace underscores with spaces
		return ' '
	else
		return chr
	end
end

local function replaceSpecialChars(str)
	local chr
	local esc = false
	local strOut = ""

	for i = 1, #str do
		chr = str:sub(i,i)

		if not esc then
			if chr == '\\' then
				esc = true
			else
				strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr)
			end
		else
			strOut = strOut .. chr
			esc = false
		end
	end

	return strOut
end

local function buildWikilink(target, label)
	if not label or target == label then
		return "[[" .. target .. "]]"
	else
		return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]"
	end
end

-- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0)
-- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables
function copyTable(tIn)
	if not tIn then
		return nil
	end

	local tOut = {}

	for i, v in pairs(tIn) do
		tOut[i] = v
	end

	return tOut
end

-- used to merge output arrays together;
-- note that it currently mutates the first input array
local function mergeArrays(a1, a2)
	for i = 1, #a2 do
		a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i]
	end

	return a1
end

local function split(str, del)
	local out = {}
	local i, j = str:find(del)

	if i and j then
		out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1)
		out[2] = str:sub(j + 1)
	else
		out[1] = str
	end

	return out
end

local function parseWikidataURL(url)
	local id

	if url:match('^http[s]?://') then
		id = split(url, "Q")

		if id[2] then
			return "Q" .. id[2]
		end
	end

	return nil
end

function parseDate(dateStr, precision)
	precision = precision or "d"

	local i, j, index, ptr
	local parts = {nil, nil, nil}

	if dateStr == nil then
		return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]  -- year, month, day
	end

	-- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached
	i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]")

	if i then
		dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1)
	end

	local from = 1

	if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then
		-- this is a negative number, look further ahead
		from = 2
	end

	index = 1
	ptr = 1

	i, j = dateStr:find("-", from)

	if i then
		-- year
		parts[index] = tonumber(mw.ustring.gsub(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), "^\+(.+)$", "%1"), 10)  -- remove '+' sign (explicitly give base 10 to prevent error)

		if parts[index] == -0 then
			parts[index] = tonumber("0")  -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead
		end

		if precision == "y" then
			-- we're done
			return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]  -- year, month, day
		end

		index = index + 1
		ptr = i + 1

		i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr)

		if i then
			-- month
			parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10)

			if precision == "m" then
				-- we're done
				return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]  -- year, month, day
			end

			index = index + 1
			ptr = i + 1
		end
	end

	if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then
		-- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year
		parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10)
	end

	return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]  -- year, month, day
end

local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD)
	if aY == nil or bY == nil then
		return nil
	end
	aM = aM or 1
	aD = aD or 1
	bM = bM or 1
	bD = bD or 1

	if aY < bY then
		return true
	end

	if aY > bY then
		return false
	end

	if aM < bM then
		return true
	end

	if aM > bM then
		return false
	end

	if aD < bD then
		return true
	end

	return false
end

local function getHookName(param, index)
	if hookNames[param] then
		return hookNames[param][index]
	elseif param:len() > 2 then
		return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index]
	else
		return nil
	end
end

local function alwaysTrue()
	return true
end

-- The following function parses a format string.
--
-- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory.
-- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake.
--
-- Example:
-- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D"
--
-- Structure:
-- [
--   {
--     str = "A "
--   },
--   {
--     str = "%p"
--   },
--   {
--     str = " B ",
--     child =
--     [
--       {
--         str = "%s",
--         child =
--         [
--           {
--             str = "%q1"
--           }
--         ]
--       }
--     ]
--   },
--   {
--     str = " C ",
--     child =
--     [
--       {
--         str = "%r"
--       }
--     ]
--   },
--   {
--     str = " D"
--   }
-- ]
--
local function parseFormat(str)
	local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new
	local params = {}

	local function newObject(array)
		local obj = {}  -- new object
		obj.str = ""

		array[#array + 1] = obj  -- array{object}
		obj.parent = array

		return obj
	end

	local function endParam()
		if param > 0 then
			if cur.str ~= "" then
				cur.str = "%"..cur.str
				cur.param = true
				params[cur.str] = true
				cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true
				prev = cur
				cur = newObject(cur.parent)
			end
			param = 0
		end
	end

	root = {}  -- array
	root.req = {}
	cur = newObject(root)
	prev = nil

	esc = false
	param = 0

	for i = 1, #str do
		chr = str:sub(i,i)

		if not esc then
			if chr == '\\' then
				endParam()
				esc = true
			elseif chr == '%' then
				endParam()
				if cur.str ~= "" then
					cur = newObject(cur.parent)
				end
				param = 2
			elseif chr == '[' then
				endParam()
				if prev and cur.str == "" then
					table.remove(cur.parent)
					cur = prev
				end
				cur.child = {}  -- new array
				cur.child.req = {}
				cur.child.parent = cur
				cur = newObject(cur.child)
			elseif chr == ']' then
				endParam()
				if cur.parent.parent then
					new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent)
					if cur.str == "" then
						table.remove(cur.parent)
					end
					cur = new
				end
			else
				if param > 1 then
					param = param - 1
				elseif param == 1 then
					if not chr:match('%d') then
						endParam()
					end
				end

				cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr)
			end
		else
			cur.str = cur.str .. chr
			esc = false
		end

		prev = nil
	end

	endParam()

	-- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined
	if not next(root.req) then
		throwError("missing-required-parameter")
	end

	-- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters
	if root.req[parameters.separator] then
		throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator)
	end

	return root, params
end

local function sortOnRank(claims)
	local rankPos
	local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}}  -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default)
	local sorted = {}

	for _, v in ipairs(claims) do
		rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4
		ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v
	end

	sorted = ranks[1]
	sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2])
	sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3])

	return sorted
end

-- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used
function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short)
	local label = nil
	local prefix, title= "", nil

	if not id then
		id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()

		if not id then
			return ""
		end
	end

	id = id:upper()  -- just to be sure

	if raw then
		-- check if given id actually exists
		if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then
			label = id
		end

		prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil
	else
		-- try short name first if requested
		if short then
			label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id}  -- get short name

			if label == "" then
				label = nil
			end
		end

		-- get label
		if not label then
			label = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, self.langCode) -- XXX: should use fallback labels?
		end
	end

	if not label then
		label = ""
	elseif link then
		-- build a link if requested
		if not title then
			if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then
				title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id)
			elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then
				-- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead
				prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id
			end
		end

		label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup
		if title then
			label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label)
		end
	end

	return label
end

function Config:getEditIcon()
	local value = ""
	local prefix = ""
	local front = "&nbsp;"
	local back = ""

	if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then
		prefix = "Property:"
	end

	if self.editAtEnd then
		front = '<span style="float:'

		if self.langObj:isRTL() then
			front = front .. 'left'
		else
			front = front .. 'right'
		end

		front = front .. '">'
		back = '</span>'
	end

	value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode

	if self.propertyID then
		value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID
	elseif self.inSitelinks then
		value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia"
	end

	value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]"

	return front .. value .. back
end

-- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the
-- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output
function Config:concatValues(valuesArray)
	local outString = ""
	local j, skip

	for i = 1, #valuesArray do
		-- check if this is a reference
		if valuesArray[i].refHash then
			j = i - 1
			skip = false

			-- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference
			while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do
				if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then
					skip = true
					break
				end
				j = j - 1
			end

			if not skip then
				-- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references)
				outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash})
			end
		else
			outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1]
		end
	end

	return outString
end

function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly)
	local space = " "
	local label = ""
	local itemID

	if unit == "" or unit == "1" then
		return nil
	end

	if unitOnly then
		space = ""
	end

	itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit)

	if itemID then
		if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then
			return "%"
		else
			label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short)

			if label ~= "" then
				return space .. label
			end
		end
	end

	return ""
end

function State:getValue(snak)
	return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2))
end

function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type)
	if snak.snaktype == 'value' then
		local datatype = snak.datavalue.type
		local subtype = snak.datatype
		local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value

		if datatype == 'string' then
			if subtype == 'url' and link then
				-- create link explicitly
				if raw then
					-- will render as a linked number like [1]
					return "[" .. datavalue .. "]"
				else
					return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]"
				end
			elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then
				if link then
					return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue)
				elseif not raw then
					return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]"
				else
					return datavalue
				end
			elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then
				return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue)
			elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then
				local attribute = nil

				if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then
					attribute = {qid = self.entityID}
				end

				return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute)
			elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then
				local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property}  -- get formatter URL

				if url ~= "" then
					url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue)
					return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]"
				else
					return datavalue
				end
			else
				return datavalue
			end
		elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
			if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then
				return datavalue['text']
			else
				return nil
			end
		elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
			local value = ""
			local unit

			if not unitOnly then
				-- get value and strip + signs from front
				value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^\+(.+)$", "%1")

				if raw then
					return value
				end

				-- replace decimal mark based on locale
				value = replaceDecimalMark(value)

				-- add delimiters for readability
				value = i18n.addDelimiters(value)
			end

			unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly)

			if unit then
				value = value .. unit
			end

			return value
		elseif datatype == 'time' then
			local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr
			local yFactor = 1
			local sign = 1
			local prefix = ""
			local suffix = ""
			local mayAddCalendar = false
			local calendar = ""
			local precision = datavalue['precision']

			if precision == 11 then
				p = "d"
			elseif precision == 10 then
				p = "m"
			else
				p = "y"
				yFactor = 10^(9-precision)
			end

			y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p)

			if y < 0 then
				sign = -1
				y = y * sign
			end

			-- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years
			if precision <= 8 then
				yDiv = y / yFactor

				-- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years
				if precision >= 6 then
					mayAddCalendar = true

					if precision <= 7 then
						-- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium)
						yRound = math.ceil(yDiv)

						if not raw then
							if precision == 6 then
								suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium']
							else
								suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century']
							end

							suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix
						else
							-- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium
							-- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium)
							yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1
						end
					else
						-- precision == 8
						-- round decades down (e.g. 2010s)
						yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor

						if not raw then
							prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period']
							suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period']
						end
					end

					if raw and sign < 0 then
						-- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards"
						-- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE)
						yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1
					end
				else
					local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound

					-- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more
					yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5)

					if yRound == 0 then
						if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then
							yReFactor = 1e6
							yReDiv = y / yReFactor
							yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5)

							if yReDiv == yReRound then
								-- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them
								precision = 3
								yFactor = yReFactor
								yRound = yReRound
							end
						end

						if yRound == 0 then
							-- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years
							precision = 5
							yFactor = 1
							yRound = y
							mayAddCalendar = true
						end
					end

					if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then
						yFull = yRound * yFactor

						yReFactor = 1e9
						yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor
						yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5)

						if yReDiv == yReRound then
							-- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range
							precision = 0
							yFactor = yReFactor
							yRound = yReRound
						else
							yReFactor = 1e6
							yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor
							yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5)

							if yReDiv == yReRound then
								-- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range
								precision = 3
								yFactor = yReFactor
								yRound = yReRound
							end
						end
					end

					if not raw then
						if precision == 3 then
							suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years']
						elseif precision == 0 then
							suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years']
						else
							yRound = yRound * yFactor
							if yRound == 1 then
								suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year']
							else
								suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years']
							end
						end
					else
						yRound = yRound * yFactor
					end
				end
			else
				yRound = y
				mayAddCalendar = true
			end

			if mayAddCalendar then
				calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel'])

				if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then
					if not raw then
						if link then
							calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")"
						else
							calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")"
						end
					else
						calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian']
					end
				end
			end

			if not raw then
				local ce = nil

				if sign < 0 then
					ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE']
				elseif precision <= 5 then
					ce = i18n['datetime']['CE']
				end

				if ce then
					if link then
						ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce)
					end
					suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce
				end

				value = tostring(yRound)

				if m then
					dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1")

					if d then
						if self.mdyDate then
							dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. ","
						else
							dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr
						end
					end

					value = dateStr .. " " .. value
				end

				value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar
			else
				value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4)

				if m then
					value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2)

					if d then
						value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2)
					end
				end

				value = value .. calendar
			end

			return value
		elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then
			-- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1)

			local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe
			local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink
			local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink
			local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN
			local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN
			local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator

			local latDegrees = nil
			local latMinutes = nil
			local latSeconds = nil
			local lonDegrees = nil
			local lonMinutes = nil
			local lonSeconds = nil

			local latDegSym = ""
			local latMinSym = ""
			local latSecSym = ""
			local lonDegSym = ""
			local lonMinSym = ""
			local lonSecSym = ""

			local latDirectionEN_N = "N"
			local latDirectionEN_S = "S"
			local lonDirectionEN_E = "E"
			local lonDirectionEN_W = "W"

			if not raw then
				latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north']
				latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south']
				lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east']
				lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west']

				degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees']
				minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes']
				secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds']
				separator = i18n['coord']['separator']
			else
				latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N
				latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S
				lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E
				lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W

				degSymbol = "/"
				minSymbol = "/"
				secSymbol = "/"
				separator = "/"
			end

			latitude = datavalue['latitude']
			longitude = datavalue['longitude']

			if latitude < 0 then
				latDirection = latDirectionS
				latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S
				latitude = math.abs(latitude)
			else
				latDirection = latDirectionN
				latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N
			end

			if longitude < 0 then
				lonDirection = lonDirectionW
				lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W
				longitude = math.abs(longitude)
			else
				lonDirection = lonDirectionE
				lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E
			end

			precision = datavalue['precision']

			if not precision or precision <= 0 then
				precision = 1 / 3600  -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond
			end

			-- remove insignificant detail
			latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision
			longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision

			if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then
				precision = 1
			elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then
				precision = 1 / 60
			end

			if precision >= 1 then
				unitsPerDegree = 1
			elseif precision >= (1 / 60)  then
				unitsPerDegree = 60
			else
				unitsPerDegree = 3600
			end

			numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision))

			if numDigits <= 0 then
				numDigits = tonumber("0")  -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead
			end

			strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f"

			if precision >= 1 then
				latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude)
				lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude)

				if not raw then
					latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol
					lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol
				else
					latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol
					lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol
				end
			else
				latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits
				lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits

				if precision >= (1 / 60) then
					latMinutes = latConv
					lonMinutes = lonConv
				else
					latSeconds = latConv
					lonSeconds = lonConv

					latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60)
					lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60)

					latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60))
					lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60))

					if not raw then
						latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol
						lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol
					else
						latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol
						lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol
					end
				end

				latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60)
				lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60)

				latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol
				lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol

				latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60)
				lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60)

				if precision >= (1 / 60) then
					latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes)
					lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes)

					if not raw then
						latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol
						lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol
					else
						latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol
						lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol
					end
				else
					latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol
					lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol
				end
			end

			latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection
			lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection

			value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue

			if link then
				globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe'])

				if globe then
					globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower()
				else
					globe = "earth"
				end

				latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_")
				lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_")

				value = "[https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]"
			end

			return value
		elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then
			local label
			local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id']

			if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then
				itemID = "Q" .. itemID
			elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then
				itemID = "P" .. itemID
			else
				return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>'
			end

			label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short)

			if label == "" then
				label = nil
			end

			return label
		else
			return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>'
		end
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then
		if raw then
			return " "  -- single space represents 'somevalue'
		else
			return i18n['values']['unknown']
		end
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then
		if raw then
			return ""  -- empty string represents 'novalue'
		else
			return i18n['values']['none']
		end
	else
		return nil
	end
end

function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID)
	local qualifiers

	if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end

	if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then
		return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true)  -- raw = true
	else
		return nil
	end
end

function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value)
	local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true)  -- raw = true

	if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end

	return snakValue == value
end

function Config:setRank(rank)
	local rankPos

	if rank == p.flags.best then
		self.bestRank = true
		self.flagBest = true  -- mark that 'best' flag was given
		return
	end

	if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then
		rankPos = 1
	elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then
		rankPos = 2
	elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then
		rankPos = 3
	else
		return
	end

	-- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before
	if not self.flagRank then
		self.ranks = {false, false, false}  -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks
		self.bestRank = self.flagBest       -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before
		self.flagRank = true                -- mark that a rank flag was given
	end

	if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then
		for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do
			self.ranks[i] = true
		end
	elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then
		for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do
			self.ranks[i] = true
		end
	else
		self.ranks[rankPos] = true
	end
end

function Config:setPeriod(period)
	local periodPos

	if period == p.flags.future then
		periodPos = 1
	elseif period == p.flags.current then
		periodPos = 2
	elseif period == p.flags.former then
		periodPos = 3
	else
		return
	end

	-- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before
	if not self.flagPeriod then
		self.periods = {false, false, false}  -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods
		self.flagPeriod = true                -- mark that a period flag was given
	end

	self.periods[periodPos] = true
end

function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value)
	local qualifiers

	if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end
	if qualifiers then
		for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do
			if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then
				return true
			end
		end
	elseif value == "" then
		-- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue'
		return true
	end

	return false
end

function Config:rankMatches(rankPos)
	if self.bestRank then
		return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos)
	else
		return self.ranks[rankPos]
	end
end

function Config:timeMatches(claim)
	local startTime = nil
	local startTimeY = nil
	local startTimeM = nil
	local startTimeD = nil
	local endTime = nil
	local endTimeY = nil
	local endTimeM = nil
	local endTimeD = nil

	if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then
		-- any time
		return true
	end

	startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime)
	if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then
		startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime)
	end

	endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime)
	if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then
		endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime)
	end

	if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then
		-- invalidate end time if it precedes start time
		endTimeY = nil
		endTimeM = nil
		endTimeD = nil
	end

	if self.periods[1] then
		-- future
		if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then
			return true
		end
	end

	if self.periods[2] then
		-- current
		if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and
		   (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then
			return true
		end
	end

	if self.periods[3] then
		-- former
		if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then
			return true
		end
	end

	return false
end

function Config:processFlag(flag)
	if not flag then
		return false
	end

	if flag == p.flags.linked then
		self.curState.linked = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.raw then
		self.curState.rawValue = true

		if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then
			-- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none)
			self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "}
		end

		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.short then
		self.curState.shortName = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then
		self.curState.anyLanguage = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.unit then
		self.curState.unitOnly = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then
		self.mdyDate = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.single then
		self.singleClaim = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then
		self.sourcedOnly = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.edit then
		self.editable = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then
		self.editable = true
		self.editAtEnd = true
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then
		self:setRank(flag)
		return true
	elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then
		self:setPeriod(flag)
		return true
	elseif flag == "" then
		-- ignore empty flags and carry on
		return true
	else
		return false
	end
end

function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag)
	local param = ""

	if not flag then
		return false
	end

	if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then
		param = parameters.property
	elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then
		self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1
		param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount
		self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])}
	elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then
		param = parameters.reference
	else
		return self:processFlag(flag)
	end

	if self.states[param] then
		return false
	end

	-- create a new state for each command
	self.states[param] = State:new(self, param)

	-- use "%x" as the general parameter name
	self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general)  -- will be overwritten for param=="%p"

	-- set the separator
	self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param]  -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately

	if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then
		self.states[param].singleValue = true
	end

	self.curState = self.states[param]

	return true
end

function Config:processSeparators(args)
	local sep

	for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do
		if args[i] then
			sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i])

			if sep ~= "" then
				self.separators[i][1] = {sep}
			else
				self.separators[i][1] = nil
			end
		end
	end
end

function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat)
	state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat
	state.separator = self.separators["sep"]
	state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator]
	state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"]
end

-- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences,
-- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned,
-- and caches the references for later use
function State:isSourced(claim)
	self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim)
	return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0)
end

function State:resetCaches()
	-- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used
	self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil
end

function State:claimMatches(claim)
	local matches, rankPos

	-- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim
	self:resetCaches()

	-- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value
	if self.conf.propertyValue then
		matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue)
	else
		matches = true
	end

	-- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values
	for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do
		matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v))
	end

	-- check if the claim's rank and time period match
	rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4
	matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim))

	-- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any
	if self.conf.sourcedOnly then
		matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim))  -- prefetches and caches references
	end

	return matches, rankPos
end

function State:out()
	local result  -- collection of arrays with value objects
	local valuesArray  -- array with value objects
	local sep = nil  -- value object
	local out = {}  -- array with value objects

	local function walk(formatTable, result)
		local valuesArray = {}  -- array with value objects

		for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do
			if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then
				-- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level,
				-- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result
				return {}
			end
		end

		for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do
			if v.param then
				valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str])
			elseif v.str ~= "" then
				valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str}
			end

			if v.child then
				valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result))
			end
		end

		return valuesArray
	end

	-- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators
	for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do
		result = self.results[i]

		-- if there is already some output, then add the separators
		if #out > 0 then
			sep = self.separator[1]  -- fixed separator
			result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]}  -- movable separator
		else
			sep = nil
			result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]}  -- optional punctuation mark
		end

		valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result)

		if #valuesArray > 0 then
			if sep then
				valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep
			end

			out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out)
		end
	end

	-- reset state before next iteration
	self.results = {}

	return out
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getProperty(claim)
	local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)}  -- create one value object

	if #value > 0 then
		return {value}  -- wrap the value object in an array and return it
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array if there was no value
	end
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getQualifiers(claim, param)
	local qualifiers

	if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end
	if qualifiers then
		-- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values;
		-- return array with multiple value objects
		return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1})  -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array
	end
end

-- level 2 hook
function State:getQualifier(snak)
	local value = {self:getValue(snak)}  -- create one value object

	if #value > 0 then
		return {value}  -- wrap the value object in an array and return it
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array if there was no value
	end
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks)
	local out = {}  -- array with value objects
	local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1]  -- value object

	-- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands
	for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do

		-- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now
		if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then
			self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result)
		end

		-- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it
		if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then

			-- if there is already some output, then add the separator
			if #out > 0 and sep then
				out[#out + 1] = sep
			end

			out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i])
		end
	end

	return out
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getReferences(claim)
	if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then
		-- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced
		return self.conf.prefetchedRefs
	end

	if claim.references then
		-- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values;
		-- return array with multiple value objects
		return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1})  -- pass reference state with level 2 hook
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array
	end
end

-- level 2 hook
function State:getReference(statement)
	local key, citeWeb, citeQ, label
	local params = {}
	local citeParams = {['web'] = {}, ['q'] = {}}
	local citeMismatch = {}
	local useCite = nil
	local useParams = nil
	local value = ""
	local ref = {}

	local version = 1  -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors

	if statement.snaks then
		-- don't include "imported from", which is added by a bot
		if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] then
			statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] = nil
		end

		-- don't include "inferred from", which is added by a bot
		if statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then
			statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] = nil
		end

		-- don't include "type of reference"
		if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then
			statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil
		end

		-- don't include "image" to prevent littering
		if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then
			statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil
		end

		-- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one
		if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then
			statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil
		end

		-- retrieve all the parameters
		for i in pairs(statement.snaks) do
			label = ""

			-- multiple authors may be given
			if i == aliasesP.author then
				params[i] = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, i, false, self.linked, true)  -- link = true/false, anyLang = true
			else
				params[i] = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, i, false, (self.linked or (i == aliasesP.statedIn)) and (statement.snaks[i][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)}  -- link = true/false, anyLang = true
			end

			if #params[i] == 0 then
				params[i] = nil
			else
				if statement.snaks[i][1].datatype == 'external-id' then
					key = "external-id"
					label = self.conf:getLabel(i)

					if label ~= "" then
						label = label .. " "
					end
				else
					key = i
				end

				-- add the parameter to each matching type of citation
				for j in pairs(citeParams) do
					-- do so if there was no mismatch with a previous parameter
					if not citeMismatch[j] then
						-- check if this parameter is not mismatching itself
						if i18n['cite'][j][key] then
							-- continue if an option is available in the corresponding cite template
							if i18n['cite'][j][key] ~= "" then
								citeParams[j][i18n['cite'][j][key]] = label .. params[i][1]

								-- if there are multiple parameter values (authors), add those too
								for k=2, #params[i] do
									citeParams[j][i18n['cite'][j][key]..k] = label .. params[i][k]
								end
							end
						else
							citeMismatch[j] = true
						end
					end
				end
			end
		end

		-- get title of general template for citing web references
		citeWeb = split(mw.wikibase.getSitelink(aliasesQ.citeWeb) or "", ":")[2]  -- split off namespace from front

		-- get title of template that expands stated-in references into citations
		citeQ = split(mw.wikibase.getSitelink(aliasesQ.citeQ) or "", ":")[2]  -- split off namespace from front

		-- (1) use the general template for citing web references if there is a match and if at least both "reference URL" and "title" are present
		if citeWeb and not citeMismatch['web'] and citeParams['web'][i18n['cite']['web'][aliasesP.referenceURL]] and citeParams['web'][i18n['cite']['web'][aliasesP.title]] then
			useCite = citeWeb
			useParams = citeParams['web']

		-- (2) use the template that expands stated-in references into citations if there is a match and if at least "stated in" is present
		elseif citeQ and not citeMismatch['q'] and citeParams['q'][i18n['cite']['q'][aliasesP.statedIn]] then
			-- we need the raw "stated in" Q-identifier for the this template
			citeParams['q'][i18n['cite']['q'][aliasesP.statedIn]] = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.statedIn, true)  -- raw = true

			useCite = citeQ
			useParams = citeParams['q']
		end

		if useCite and useParams then
			-- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template
			if mw.isSubsting() then
				for i, v in pairs(useParams) do
					value = value .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v
				end

				value = "{{" .. useCite .. value .. "}}"
			else
				value = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=useCite, args=useParams}
			end

		-- (3) else, do some default rendering of name-value pairs, but only if at least "stated in", "reference URL" or "title" is present
		elseif params[aliasesP.statedIn] or params[aliasesP.referenceURL] or params[aliasesP.title] then
			citeParams['default'] = {}

			-- start by adding authors up front
			if params[aliasesP.author] and #params[aliasesP.author] > 0 then
				citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = table.concat(params[aliasesP.author], " & ")
			end

			-- combine "reference URL" and "title" into one link if both are present
			if params[aliasesP.referenceURL] and params[aliasesP.title] then
				citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = '[' .. params[aliasesP.referenceURL][1] .. ' "' .. params[aliasesP.title][1] .. '"]'
			elseif params[aliasesP.referenceURL] then
				citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = params[aliasesP.referenceURL][1]
			elseif params[aliasesP.title] then
				citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = '"' .. params[aliasesP.title][1] .. '"'
			end

			-- then add "stated in"
			if params[aliasesP.statedIn] then
				citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = "''" .. params[aliasesP.statedIn][1] .. "''"
			end

			-- remove previously added parameters so that they won't be added a second time
			params[aliasesP.author] = nil
			params[aliasesP.referenceURL] = nil
			params[aliasesP.title] = nil
			params[aliasesP.statedIn] = nil

			-- add the rest of the parameters
			for i, v in pairs(params) do
				i = self.conf:getLabel(i)

				if i ~= "" then
					citeParams['default'][#citeParams['default'] + 1] = i .. ": " .. v[1]
				end
			end

			value = table.concat(citeParams['default'], "; ")

			if value ~= "" then
				value = value .. "."
			end
		end

		if value ~= "" then
			value = {value}  -- create one value object

			if not self.rawValue then
				-- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later
				value.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['cite']['version']) + version)
			end

			ref = {value}  -- wrap the value object in an array
		end
	end

	return ref
end

-- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference
function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang)
	local switchLang = anyLang
	local value = nil

	if not snaks[dType] then
		return nil
	end

	-- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language
	repeat
		for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do
			value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true)  -- noSpecial = true

			if value then
				break
			end
		end

		if value or not anyLang then
			break
		end

		switchLang = not switchLang
	until anyLang and switchLang

	return value
end

-- gets the details of one particular type for a reference
function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang)
	local values = {}

	if not snaks[dType] then
		return {}
	end

	for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do
		-- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table
		values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true)  -- noSpecial = true
	end

	return values
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getAlias(object)
	local value = object.value
	local title = nil

	if value and self.linked then
		if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then
			title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID)
		elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then
			title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID
		end

		if title then
			value = buildWikilink(title, value)
		end
	end

	value = {value}  -- create one value object

	if #value > 0 then
		return {value}  -- wrap the value object in an array and return it
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array if there was no value
	end
end

-- level 1 hook
function State:getBadge(value)
	value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName)

	if value == "" then
		value = nil
	end

	value = {value}  -- create one value object

	if #value > 0 then
		return {value}  -- wrap the value object in an array and return it
	else
		return {}  -- return empty array if there was no value
	end
end

function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result)
	local valuesArray, refHash

	-- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before
	if not result[param] and hooks[param] then
		valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks)  -- array with value objects

		-- add to the result
		if #valuesArray > 0 then
			result[param] = valuesArray
			result.count = result.count + 1
		else
			result[param] = {}  -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already
			return true  -- miss == true
		end
	end

	return false
end

-- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values
function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook)
	matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue

	local matches = false
	local rankPos = nil
	local result, gotRequired

	for _, v in ipairs(statements) do
		-- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.)
		matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v)

		if matches then
			result = {count = 0}  -- collection of arrays with value objects

			local function walk(formatTable)
				local miss

				for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do
					-- call a hook, adding its return value to the result
					miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result)

					if miss then
						-- we miss a required value for this level, so return false
						return false
					end

					if result.count == hooks.count then
						-- we're done if all hooks have been called;
						-- returning at this point breaks the loop
						return true
					end
				end

				for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do
					if result.count == hooks.count then
						-- we're done if all hooks have been called;
						-- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed
						return true
					end

					if v2.child then
						walk(v2.child)
					end
				end

				return true
			end
			gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat)

			-- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level
			if gotRequired then
				-- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank
				if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then
					self.conf.foundRank = rankPos
				end

				-- append the result
				self.results[#self.results + 1] = result

				-- break if we only need a single value
				if self.singleValue then
					break
				end
			end
		end
	end

	return self:out()
end

local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix)
	local id = nil
	local prop = nil

	if arg then
		if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then
			page = arg
			eid = nil
		elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then
			eid = arg
			page = nil
		else
			prop = arg
		end
	end

	if eid then
		if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then
			id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10)))

			if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then
				id = ""
			end
		else
			id = replaceAlias(eid)
		end
	elseif page then
		if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then
			page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2))
		end

		id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page) or ""
	end

	if not id then
		id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or ""
	end

	id = id:upper()

	if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then
		id = ""
	end

	return id, prop
end

local function nextArg(args)
	local arg = args[args.pointer]

	if arg then
		args.pointer = args.pointer + 1
		return mw.text.trim(arg)
	else
		return nil
	end
end

local function claimCommand(args, funcName)
	local cfg = Config:new()
	cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName)  -- process first command (== function name)

	local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value
	local hooks = {count = 0}

	-- set the date if given;
	-- must come BEFORE processing the flags
	if args[p.args.date] then
		cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])}
		cfg.periods = {false, true, false}  -- change default time constraint to 'current'
	end

	-- process flags and commands
	repeat
		lastArg = nextArg(args)
	until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg)

	-- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument
	cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page])

	if cfg.entityID == "" then
		return ""  -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID
	end

	cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID)

	if not cfg.propertyID then
		cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args)
	end

	cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID)

	if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then
		return ""  -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID
	end

	cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper()

	if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then
		return ""  -- there is no use to continue without any claims
	end

	claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID]

	if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then
		-- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given

		if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then
			-- claim ID or literal value has been given

			cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args)
		end

		for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do
			-- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it
			cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper()
		end
	elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then
		-- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given

		cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args)
	end

	-- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue'
	if cfg.propertyValue then
		cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue)

		if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then
			cfg.propertyValue = " "  -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue'
		else
			cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue)
		end
	end

	-- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format
	if args["format"] then
		parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"])
	elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then  -- "qualifier(s)" command given
		if cfg.states[parameters.property] then  -- "propert(y|ies)" command given
			parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier)
		else
			parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier)
		end
	elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then  -- "propert(y|ies)" command given
		parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property)
	else  -- "reference(s)" command given
		parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference)
	end

	-- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon
	if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then
		cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"}
	end

	-- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw)
	if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0
	   and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then
		cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil
	end

	-- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent
	if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then
		cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"]
	end

	-- process overridden separator values;
	-- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators
	cfg:processSeparators(args)

	-- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences);
	-- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given
	for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do
		-- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q"
		if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then
			hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1)
			hooks.count = hooks.count + 1
		end
	end

	-- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...);
	-- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given
	if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then
		hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1)
		hooks.count = hooks.count + 1
	end

	-- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration;
	-- must come AFTER defining the hooks
	if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then
		cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property)

		-- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular)
		if cfg.singleClaim then
			cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true
		end
	end

	-- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values,
	-- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references;
	-- must come AFTER defining the hooks
	if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then
		cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference)  -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead
	end

	-- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark);
	-- must come AFTER creating the additonal states
	cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat)

	-- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue
	for i, v in pairs(args) do
		i = tostring(i)

		if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then
			v = replaceSpecialChars(v)

			-- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue'
			if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then
				v = " "  -- single space represents 'somevalue'
			end

			cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v
		end
	end

	-- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated)
	claims = sortOnRank(claims)

	-- then iterate through the claims to collect values
	value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches))  -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook

	-- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata
	if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then
		value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon()
	end

	return value
end

local function generalCommand(args, funcName)
	local cfg = Config:new()
	cfg.curState = State:new(cfg)

	local lastArg
	local value = nil

	repeat
		lastArg = nextArg(args)
	until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg)

	-- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument
	cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true)

	if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then
		return ""  -- we cannot continue without an entity
	end

	-- serve according to the given command
	if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then
		value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName)
	elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then
		cfg.inSitelinks = true

		if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then
			value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID)
		end

		if cfg.curState.linked and value then
			value = buildWikilink(value)
		end
	elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then
		value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID)
	else
		local parsedFormat, formatParams
		local hooks = {count = 0}

		cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID)

		if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then
			cfg.curState.singleValue = true
		end

		if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then
			if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then
				return ""  -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses
			end

			local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode]

			-- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format
			if args["format"] then
				parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"])
			else
				parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias)
			end

			-- process overridden separator values;
			-- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators
			cfg:processSeparators(args)

			-- define the hook that should be called (getAlias);
			-- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given
			if formatParams[parameters.alias] then
				hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1)
				hooks.count = hooks.count + 1
			end

			-- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark)
			cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat)

			-- iterate to collect values
			value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks))
		elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then
			if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then
				return ""  -- there is no use to continue without any badges
			end

			local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges

			cfg.inSitelinks = true

			-- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format
			if args["format"] then
				parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"])
			else
				parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge)
			end

			-- process overridden separator values;
			-- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators
			cfg:processSeparators(args)

			-- define the hook that should be called (getBadge);
			-- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given
			if formatParams[parameters.badge] then
				hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1)
				hooks.count = hooks.count + 1
			end

			-- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark)
			cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat)

			-- iterate to collect values
			value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks))
		end
	end

	value = value or ""

	if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then
		-- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata
		value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon()
	end

	return value
end

-- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args)
local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc)
	for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do
		local function wikitextWrapper(frame)
			local args = copyTable(frame.args)
			args.pointer = 1
			loadI18n(aliasesP, frame)
			return commandFunc(args, commandName)
		end
		p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper

		local function luaWrapper(args)
			args = copyTable(args)
			args.pointer = 1
			loadI18n(aliasesP)
			return commandFunc(args, commandName)
		end
		p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper
	end
end

establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand)
establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand)

-- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates
function p.main(frame)
	if not mw.wikibase then return nil end

	local f, args

	loadI18n(aliasesP, frame)

	-- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template
	frame = frame:getParent() or frame

	if not frame.args[1] then
		throwError("no-function-specified")
	end

	f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1])

	if f == "main" then
		throwError("main-called-twice")
	end

	assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f))

	-- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table
	args = copyTable(frame.args)

	-- remove the function name from the list
	table.remove(args, 1)

	return p["_"..f](args)
end

return p